April 23, 1861
- Federal troops withdraw from the garrison at Fort Smith, Arkansas.
- George McClellan appointed Major General of the Ohio militia by Governor William Dennison.
- Nominated by Governor Letcher of Virginia and approved by the Assembly on the previous day, Robert E. Lee assumes command of Virginia’s militia.
- Virginia secessionist convention ratifies a temporary union with the Confederacy and accepts the Southern Constitution, subject to approval of the ordnance of secession
- United State Army Officers in San Antonio, Texas are seized as prisoners of war
A Chronological History of the Civil War in America1
- First South Carolina regiment started for the Potomac.
- Legislature of Vermont convened in extra session.
- A Chronological History of the Civil War in America by Richard Swainson Fisher, New York, Johnson and Ward, 1863